The most widespread nuciferous are: peanut, walnut, chestnut, cedar, cashew, filbert, almonds, pistachios and Jesuit's nuts. Nut is a tasty and high-calorie foodstuff. Ripe kernels of nuts are used for food in fresh kind. In cookery they are used for sweet dishes and splits (filings, hard sauces, ice creams etc.), for farinaceous dishes and pastries, for sauces (nut dishes and sauces of Georgian, Armenian and Central Asian cuisine).
Walnuts, peanuts, chestnuts are pressed for oil that is used in аoodstuff (see also article Edible fats). In CIS it is cultivated in Central Asia, Transcaucasia, Ukraine, in the Krasnodar territory. It is harvested in the late autumn, the entire plant, including most of the roots, is removed from the soil during harvesting, the beans are dried and storaged in a dry place. The peanut kernel is covered with by a light brown cover that is easily separated after the browning of nuts. Roasted peanuts are used as a delicacy as well as in concoction of cakes, pastries and ice-cream.
 Walnuts in CIS are cultivated in Caucasus, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Moldavia. The fruits are harvested ripen when the outer skin is dried, dehisced and the walnut outcomes.
It consists of hard shell and inner kernel. Harvested walnuts are dried under the sun or in the driers-it helps to store them longer.Walnut kernel can be light or dark. Walnut tree (cedar, nut pine) bears at the 50 years of age in every 3-4 years. Walnuts are harvested in September-October,before the frost. Harvested after, nuts are badly stored, grow moldy and acquire bitterish taste.Fresh and well dried walnuts are used as a delicasy.
Pistachios are cultivated in Uzbekistan, Moldavia, in Black Sea region of Caucasus, in Crimea, in Central Asia. The shell is light and hard. If the nut is put into a salty water for 12 hours, the shell will be removed easily; after that kernel must be washed in the running water and dried.
Filbert (hazel-nut) - is a species of a hazel-nut that is well cultivated in the southern parts of CIS - in the Crimea, Transcaucasia, in the North Caucasus and Central Asia. Filbert nuts are larger then hazel-nuts. Raw and roasted filbert is used as a delicacy and is also used in cookery.
Almond. Wild almond grows in Central Asia and in Transcaucasia. The fruits of the wild almond (often with pink flowers) are bitter with a tough shell.The kernel of the almond contains valuable essential oils that tincture it specific scent. The bitter almond can be eaten in a very small amount, it is mainly used for flavoring in cookery. Sweet almond is cultivated in Crimea,Transcaucasia, Central Asia and Moldavia. Almond's kernel is covered with a thin brown cover. To remove it you should put the kernel into the boiled water for one minute, then remove a cover. Then you should wash the kernel under the running water for and dry it up on the baking tray in the bake oven at the temperature of 50-70 degrees Celsius. Sweet almond is often eaten on its own as a dessert, it is also a component of various dishes. It is used as an ingredient of sauces, biscuits, marzipans, cakes and fillings. Roasted in sugar and salty almond is a good snack for the champagne. It is sold in shelled and unshelled.
Almond tree refers to the rose family like the most fruit trees. It is in close relation with peaches.
So, the fruit is a drupe with a downy outer coat. The outer covering fleshy in other members of Prunus such as the plum, is instead a leathery grey-green coating called the hull.
Bitter almond (Amygdalus amara) from the Greek αμυγδαλη (Amygdala), an almond. There are 40 species of almond. 
The almond is a small deciduous tree, growing to between 4 and 6metres in height. The young shoots are green at first, becoming purplish where exposed to sunlight, then grey in their second year. The leaves are with a serrated margin and a petiole. The flowers are white or pale pink with five petals, produced singly or in pairs before the leaves in early spring. Trees flower in February-April. Ripen in July-August. Bitter Almond (Amygdalus amara) is widespread in Caucasus and Central Asia. It grows on stony river-beds, on dry rocky hills, on mountain wastes, and goes up to the area of medium-altitude mountains. It is cultivated in Central Asia, in Caucasus and in Crimea. There are two forms of the plant, one (often with white flowers) producing sweet almonds, and the other (often with pink flowers) producing bitter almonds. The almond tree is a small to medium sized tree with a spreading, open canopy. Leaves are three- to four-times longer than they are wide, with finely serrated margins. Almond trees require at least three years to produce, with maximum nut production in six- to ten-years - almond trees can produce for more than fifty years. Almonds do best in deep, well-drained soil that is reasonably fertile. Almond trees like soil liming, they are light-loving, easily survive in the urban atmosphere, grow fast. Getting older, stipulates of almond trees parish completely, gradually replacing themselves with soboles that appear after the third year of the tree growing. After seven years soboles begin to die down. For this reason it is necessary to control the condition of the grove-if there is young sobole it is better to remove the old one. Some decorative species demand special attention.
They are originally from Western and Central Asia. But today almost all almond is harvested in Uzbekistan, Italy, Spain and California. Almond trees grow on rocky hills. As much sun it gets the larger will be the size of the nut.
|
